〇八年回国后的十月某日,带着相机去过一次无锡博物院,但人懒机差,当日所拍皆不欲付诸文字,一拖就是六年。今日因无锡博物院有“西汉南越王博物馆‘头等之物’藏枕展”,又有同为博物馆爱好者某君,故冒雨前往。
![无锡博物院](https://synyan.net/202407271659/375362870eda79c8936fadea3908fce7/travel/14019/DSCF5920_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
本展览中除了西汉石枕和珍珠枕,大部分是瓷枕,造型有方形、长方形、腰圆、元宝、如意等形状,还有孩童、卧女、瑞兽等式样。展品均来自广州西汉南越王博物馆,大多数由香港收藏家杨永德夫妇捐赠。其中的绿釉绞胎印花如意枕、“大郭”款三彩胡人牵狮枕,以及两件磁州窑白地黑花诗文长方形枕,都是难见的精品。
![头等之物藏枕展](https://synyan.net/202407271659/feb15d171395e3d7d97ba64d133ea302/travel/14019/DSCF5863_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
现代人已经习惯睡柔软的枕头,其实是西方生活习惯影响的结果,“峰前明月照藤床,窗内清风生石枕”才是古代中国人床榻的写照。中国古代以来,都是软硬两种枕头并存,但软枕容易腐烂,留存不多,故多见硬枕。汉墓中经常见到日常用枕,但与玉衣、玉面罩成套的玉枕,应该是专门制作的玉殓具。出土铜枕、玉枕的墓葬,墓主均为诸侯王以上高级贵族。
![西汉石枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/9dbea422dc386d2c6095b43e5f1060e9/travel/14019/DSCF5864_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
陶瓷枕最早出现于隋代,实物多发现于唐宋,在中国南北均有烧制,其中尤以河南、山西两地烧制数量最多,作为中国古代陶瓷艺术之一的陶瓷枕,集各种技艺于一身,三彩、剔、刻、划、画、印花等,把陶瓷枕的美妙展现得淋漓尽致。南越王博物馆馆藏瓷枕类型丰富,其中定窑、磁州窑、当阳峪窑、景德镇窑烧制的瓷枕最具特色。
唐代陶瓷枕多为小的矩形、倒梯形三彩或绞胎枕,也有少量仿生形枕和素面枕,均为贵族使用。小型枕的出现可能与唐代崇尚高大蓬松的发式有直接关系,是为了休息时保持美丽的发式而做的项枕,也便于随身携带。
![唐三彩方枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/bd6bc7b2f7b530b5eb49e6040eb7f22e/travel/14019/DSCF5866_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![晚唐黄釉绞胎朵花纹长方形枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/96aa75c2274b3d5b6d9b57f7b4269f61/travel/14019/DSCF5868_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![晚唐绿釉素面椭圆形兔座枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/424aabc6c4817dd3f919614ad2ebef37/travel/14019/DSCF5870_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
从宋代开始,陶瓷枕进入寻常百姓家,装饰纹样多来源于自然景物和民间生活场景。由于发式简化,不必为了发型而枕颈枕,枕形变大,样式逐渐多样化,更适合头部形状,可长时间枕睡。宋辽金元时代,陶瓷枕迎来大发展,除了陶瓷手工业在宋代以后蓬勃发展外,还有诸如陶瓷枕表面冰凉适合夏日枕睡、有吉祥如意镇邪避魅清凉名目的功用。“黄粱美梦”便来源于瓷枕。
![宋“大郭”款三彩胡人牵狮枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/0fbb04c8b47f6532b1129ae39e531dcf/travel/14019/DSCF5873_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![宋白地剔花鸟纹如意形台座枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/fe75ce790b73a49111519307db6244ca/travel/14019/DSCF5875_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![五代宋初绿釉绞胎印花如意形枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/c856f8e8ee16c3a1e78280c7282e9147/travel/14019/DSCF5877_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![【左】宋绿釉印花卉纹腰形小枕。【右】宋绿釉刻蕉叶纹长方形枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/9a51ca3475a89dcf58a5c43d79959cbf/travel/14019/DSCF5880_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![金三彩黄绿釉双狮伴枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/a6631088d42a419f49cb8e07502741d6/travel/14019/DSCF5883_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![辽瓷枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/90a8a7c5d7e4f5efc3a340e4b6e44120/travel/14019/DSCF5885_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![宋磁州窑褐黑彩开光花卉卧女枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/2479e831faaf9a80a28925380e80a4fc/travel/14019/DSCF5887_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![金长治窑褐彩雀纹卧虎枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/1c4a52d3dfa6ef1f102c0a3405e1d443/travel/14019/DSCF5889_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![金黑釉立雕双狮如意枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/e29e7e3acf2a8523c6c77199d54c80f8/travel/14019/DSCF5891_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![元茶叶末釉镂空腰形枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/4ed898b0cb84b1634b967148d616b358/travel/14019/DSCF5894_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![元磁州“漳滨逸人制”款人物故事长方枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/162f33bb7d6b3261a6f4604f9460c995/travel/14019/DSCF5896_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
元青白釉划花莲叶形枕。李清照《醉花阴》“玉枕纱橱”一句中的“玉枕”其实就是宋代景德镇出产的色质如玉的青白瓷。青白瓷的釉色介于青白之间,其中透露着白色的光感,白中显出青青的色调,后人“白如玉,薄如纸,明如镜,声如磬”就是对这一瓷器的高度概括。
![元青白釉划花莲叶形枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/dfc63ececb64c7aa84fb674833e86d48/travel/14019/DSCF5898_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![三彩鸳鸯长方形枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/8fe2c17edadcf7ea74d5e23d16d48a1e/travel/14019/DSCF5900_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
明清开始陶瓷枕瓷质更致密、硬度更高,但整个陶瓷枕的生产进入没落期,多见木枕、丝织枕及布枕。
![明清黑釉狗形小枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/77137dab8c77e1b6e929d57992c526a4/travel/14019/DSCF5904_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![明三彩枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/ed2e2cbd1bb28b5ff716f307eb002e07/travel/14019/DSCF5906_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![民国青花加彩瓷枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/c8c60db5c12c3bfbe534575594fbff0c/travel/14019/DSCF5908_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![民国贴印青花狮纹枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/1d74933f11bc31a90ed2c51f0b4d2b90/travel/14019/DSCF5910_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
清粉彩花鸟纹方枕(鸦片枕)。所谓“鸦片枕”,是一种枕面倾斜以便吸食鸦片的枕头。该品出自景德镇,枕面绘有6只野鸭,枕前侧绘有11只蝴蝶,后侧有两只孔雀立于枝头,纹样精细,形象逼真,是粉彩作品中的精品。
![清粉彩花鸟纹方枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/3535a6585aeb2055d5c1c684fbe47838/travel/14019/DSCF5917_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![清粉彩花鸟纹方枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/7502ac5f30d6c0411708e1e043dbd135/travel/14019/DSCF5919_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
除了绘画,还有一类瓷枕上刻满了诗词。最早的诗文枕出现在唐代,宋代十分流行,内容高雅与浅俗并存。
宋山西窑口白釉刻题句腰圆枕。字体依稀有“瘦金”风范。
![宋山西窑口白釉刻题句腰圆枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/9e279907a2946e39d89598d549570398/travel/14019/DSCF5920_800sign_002.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![宋珍珠地开光划诗纹腰形枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/2fb3ae8b4e0cf164b7775935aa791626/travel/14019/DSCF5922_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![元磁州白地划诗纹长方形枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/b642784768897915c173c860bf12ddb4/travel/14019/DSCF5924_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![白地黑花诗文长方形枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/5d50a17c94c65973a5106ac3d7b55e63/travel/14019/DSCF5927_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![宋白釉褐彩题句腰圆枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/8453f1e4045e9f197adc1d866168ce4d/travel/14019/DSCF5931_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![宋白釉黑彩题句腰圆枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/42c88a7f7cf4e927ad64363f52ac73b3/travel/14019/DSCF5933_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![宋磁州窑白釉褐彩开光菊花如意枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/21f2576ab6cdbb98fbc370c957bb82d6/travel/14019/DSCF5935_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![金定窑长命富贵枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/a3ec87fdfdc11a17a7b92447ee9b0e37/travel/14019/DSCF5937_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![金白地黑彩诗文八边形枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/4e6cc04cda4a201f13a40f24f9da3a26/travel/14019/DSCF5944_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![宋磁州窑类型白釉墨彩行书劝世题句八方枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/a8c83d812bcbf86a03cfb9847e8e318b/travel/14019/DSCF5946_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![宋磁州窑开光白地黑花题句长方形枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/aec0afddfbca3a4340557d78476206df/travel/14019/DSCF5948_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![1950-60年代“自力更生”瓷枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/52b3ef42a3c2a3015126bbe6888ded01/travel/14019/DSCF5950_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![1950-60年代“学习”瓷枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/d7b97cf72cbb9ae35b69396c64a27138/travel/14019/DSCF5953_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
“辟邪”类瓷枕。
![虎形枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/9861d515fb1ade95274e50ac3a5aa493/travel/14019/DSCF5957_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![宋珍珠地刻牡丹如意形枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/6b41010719f0f1c59807bcb26c861348/travel/14019/DSCF5960_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![宋河北磁州窑白地黑彩宝塔菊花纹如意台座枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/edbe6fe106e5f0bbced0b100ab4c966b/travel/14019/DSCF5964_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
辽金三彩是在唐三彩基础上发展而来,烧制温度和瓷化程度较唐三彩高,釉色厚重雅致。
![三彩黑地荷花腰圆枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/8f2c098e37b870f09aae8359eb0165f9/travel/14019/DSCF5978_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
古代最有名的陶瓷枕还是磁州窑最为有名。因窑场众多,因此枕底往往有压印戳记。
![宋磁州窑“张家造”款白釉褐彩高士指凤图长方形枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/005ab0a78cef5a9cf530a4c1181d3977/travel/14019/DSCF5983_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
唐三彩详解:三彩以黄、褐、绿为基本釉色,因烧造时各种着色金属氧化物熔融于铅釉中,自然扩散,使唐三彩具有色釉浓淡变化,互相浸润,斑驳灿烂的特征。
![唐三彩釉银锭形绞胎枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/522d08c9aba3d4659eca686bd2424a06/travel/14019/DSCF5990_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![唐三彩花卉纹长方形枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/03090480c6542a27fe8a8cc855141b14/travel/14019/DSCF5993_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![唐褐釉绞胎大菱形纹枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/2d5d460750df125e37d0fd13cea045a4/travel/14019/DSCF5997_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![唐黄釉绞胎扁方形枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/9ff878b217bf73f037ae8112c29b66b5/travel/14019/DSCF5999_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
宋金三彩继承了唐三彩工艺,采用刻划为主的装饰技法,釉色除黄、绿、白、褐四种主色外,色泽青翠明艳。与唐三彩比较,宋三彩填色规整,画面具有浓郁的民间生活气息。
![宋宝丰窑三彩刻花腰圆枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/273d574a3ede0b4d3718586b72d985a1/travel/14019/DSCF6009_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
清代的枕头色彩缤纷,非常漂亮。
![清宝相花方枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/03ff46fda771bc6e31714c82dbd0c767/travel/14019/DSCF6013_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![清开窗牡丹花雀彩枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/f9c64facd27f6513d3799b726bc2ddeb/travel/14019/DSCF6017_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![民国青花方枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/7817749d77b5531a4584b4ba4fb44ca7/travel/14019/DSCF6019_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
![清光绪年青花花鸟长方形枕](https://synyan.net/202407271659/bbce1f8d48106227a6684079036095eb/travel/14019/DSCF6021_800sign.jpg?x-oss-process=style%2Fwatermark_webp)
“薄如纸,明如镜,声如磬”不是形容柴窑么,薄是指釉汁,非瓷胎。
南越王那里我还没有去看过,⊙﹏⊙b汗
@语之受教了。薄的确是指釉。南越王那里很近呀,随便哪天看了汇报哦。